Classes 9 to 12 | Physics • Chemistry • Mathematics
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The syllabus is divided into six main units. Geometry and Algebra carry the
highest weightage, so you should focus extra attention there
Unit Name
Marks
Key Topics to Study
Number Systems
10
Real numbers, irrational numbers, operations on real numbers, rationalization, laws of exponents
Algebra
20
Polynomials (definition, degree, zeroes), Remainder and Factor theorems, algebraic identities, linear equations in two variables
Coordinate Geometry
04
Cartesian plane, coordinates of a point, names and terms associated with the coordinate plane
Geometry
27
Euclid's Geometry, lines and angles, triangles (congruence rules), quadrilaterals (properties and midpoint theorem), circles (theorems on chords and angles)
Mensuration
13
Area of triangles using Heron's formula, surface areas and volumes of cubes, cuboids, cylinders, cones, and sphere
The CBSE has rationalized the syllabus to reduce the burden on students. The following chapters and topics have been deleted and will not be assessed in the 2025-26 exams
1. Number Systems
Representing Real Numbers on the Number Line: Successive magnification method is removed.
Deleted Exercise: Ex 1.4
2. Polynomials
Remainder Theorem: The statement and proof of the Remainder Theorem, along with related examples.
Deleted Exercise: Parts of Ex 2.3
3. Coordinate Geometry
Plotting a Point in the Plane if its Coordinates are Given: While basic plotting remains, the specific section on advanced plotting exercises has been reduced.
Deleted Exercise: Ex 3.3
4. Linear Equations in Two Variables
Graph of a Linear Equation in Two Variables: The detailed section on plotting these specific graphs.
Equations of Lines Parallel to x-axis and y-axis: This specific sub-topic is removed.
Deleted Exercises: Ex 4.3 & Ex 4.4
5. Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry
Equivalent Versions of Euclid’s Fifth Postulate: This entire sub-section is gone.
Deleted Exercise: Ex 5.2
6. Triangles
Inequalities in a Triangle: Relations between side lengths and angles (e.g., "the side opposite to the larger angle is longer").
Deleted Exercise: Ex 7.4 & Ex 7.5 (Optional)
7. Quadrilaterals
Specific Proofs: While the properties remain, certain redundant proofs and the introduction section have been trimmed.
Deleted Exercise: Ex 8.2 (Some specific questions)
8. Areas of Parallelograms and Triangles
Entire Chapter Deleted: This whole chapter (formerly Chapter 9) has been removed from the syllabus.
9. Circles
Circle through Three Points: The theorem stating a unique circle passes through three non-collinear points.
Deleted Exercises: Ex 10.3 & parts of Ex 10.6 (Optional)
10. Constructions
Entire Chapter Deleted: The entire chapter on geometric constructions (formerly Chapter 11) has been removed.
11. Heron’s Formula
Application of Heron's Formula in finding Areas of Quadrilaterals: You only need to focus on triangles now.
Deleted Exercise: Ex 12.2
12. Surface Areas and Volumes
Surface Area and Volume of a Sphere/Hemisphere: Note that while these are core, the focus has shifted away from complex combinations in this specific grade.
Deleted Exercises: Ex 13.1, 13.2, 13.5, 13.6, 13.9 (Focus is now primarily on Cones and Spheres).
13. Statistics
Frequency Polygon: This specific method of representation is removed.
Mean, Median, and Mode of Ungrouped Data: These basics are now expected to be covered in lower grades.
Class 10 Chemistry for the CBSE syllabus covers the fundamental principles of chemical reactions, properties of matter, and the unique role of carbon. The following is a summary of the core chapters and key concepts as per the latest NCERT guidelines:
1. Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chemical Equations: Symbolic representation of reactions using formulas. Balancing is essential to satisfy the Law of Conservation of Mass.
Types of Reactions:
Combination: Two or more reactants form one product (e.g., burning magnesium).
Decomposition: One reactant breaks into multiple products (Thermal, Electrolytic, or Photolytic).
Displacement: A more reactive element replaces a less reactive one from its compound.
Double Displacement: Exchange of ions between two compounds, often forming a precipitate.
Redox: Simultaneous occurrence of oxidation (gain of oxygen/loss of electrons) and reduction (loss of oxygen/gain of electrons).
Daily Life Effects: Includes corrosion (rusting of iron) and rancidity (oxidation of fats/oils in food).
2. Acids, Bases, and Salts
Properties:Acids are sour and turn blue litmus red ( H+ ions) ; Bases are bitter and turn red litmus blue( OH- ions )
pH Scale:Measures H+ concentration from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic). pH 7 is neutral.
Neutralisation:\( Acid + Base \rightarrow Salt + Water \)
Common Chemicals: Preparation and uses of Sodium Hydroxide, Bleaching Powder, Baking Soda, Washing Soda, and Plaster of Paris.
3. Metals and Non-Metals
Physical Properties: Metals are lustrous, malleable, and ductile; non-metals generally lack these (except graphite and iodine).
Chemical Properties: Metals form basic oxides and react with acids to produce hydrogen gas. Non-metals form acidic or neutral oxides.
Reactivity Series: A list of metals arranged by reactivity used to predict displacement reactions.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of compounds through the transfer of electrons from metals to non-metals.
4. Carbon and its Compounds
Versatility: Carbon forms strong covalent bonds and exhibits catenation (forming long chains).
Hydrocarbons: Saturated (alkanes) and unsaturated (alkenes, alkynes) compounds.
Functional Groups: Groups like alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids that define chemical properties.
Homologous Series: A series of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties.
Important Compounds: Study of Ethanol and Ethanoic acid properties.
5. Periodic Classification of Elements (Note: This chapter has been removed from the current active NCERT syllabus for board exams but remains part of some reference materials)
Deals with the historical development of the Periodic Table (Dobereiner, Newlands, Mendeleev) and the Modern Periodic Table based on atomic numbers.
Ray diagrams for spherical mirrors and lenses; Mirror formula and Lens formula with numericals; Laws of reflection and refraction; Power of a lens .
10 marks
The Human Eye and the Colourful World
Structure and functions of the human eye; Defects of vision (myopia, hypermetropia) and their correction; Phenomena of dispersion (rainbow formation), atmospheric refraction (twinkling of stars), and scattering of light (Tyndall effect) .
Included in Natural Phenomena (12 marks)
Electricity
Ohm's law and its applications; Series and parallel combinations of resistors (calculating equivalent resistance); Electric power and energy calculations; Heating effect of electric current .
7-8 marks
Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
Magnetic field patterns due to current-carrying conductors; Fleming's Left-Hand Rule (for motors) and Right-Hand Rule (for generators); Principle and working of an electric motor and generator; Electromagnetic induction .
Class 11 Physics (CBSE/NCERT) serves as the foundation for both board exams and competitive entrance tests like JEE and NEET. The syllabus is divided into two parts, primarily focusing on Mechanics in the first half and Properties of Matter & Thermodynamics in the second.
Part 1: Mechanics & Gravitation
Units and Measurements: Covers SI units, fundamental vs. derived quantities, significant figures, and dimensional analysis.
Kinematics (Motion in a Straight Line & Plane): Describes motion through displacement, velocity, and acceleration. It introduces vectors, projectile motion, and circular motion.
Laws of Motion: Focuses on Newton’s Three Laws, the concept of inertia, linear momentum, and friction.
Work, Energy, and Power: Explains the work-energy theorem, kinetic vs. potential energy, conservation of energy, and collisions.
System of Particles and Rotational Motion: Introduces the center of mass, torque, angular momentum, and the moment of inertia for rigid bodies.
Gravitation: Details Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation, Kepler’s Laws, and the motion of satellites including escape speed and orbital velocity.
Part 2: Properties of Matter, Heat & Waves
Properties of Bulk Matter: Covers elasticity in solids (Hooke's Law) and fluid mechanics (Pascal’s Law, Bernoulli’s Theorem, and surface tension).
Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory: Explains heat transfer, the Laws of Thermodynamics, heat engines, and the molecular behavior of gases.
Oscillations: Focuses on Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) and the periodic behavior of systems like the simple pendulum.
Waves: Discusses transverse and longitudinal waves, the principle of superposition, standing waves, and beats
Exam Structure & Weightage
Component
Weightage
Description
Theory Exam
70 Marks
Units I–III (Kinematics, Laws) usually carry high weightage (~23 marks)
Practical Exam
30 Marks
Includes experiments (Vernier callipers, pendulum), activities, and viva voce.
:Acids are sour and turn blue litmus red ( H+ ions) ; Bases are bitter and turn red litmus blue( OH- ions )